Which concept describes the division of government into three independent branches?

• A. Rule of law
• B. Federalism
• C. Checks and balances
• D. Separation of powers

Answer: (D)

Separation of powers is the idea of dividing government into three independent branches—legislative, executive, and judicial. Each branch has its own distinct functions: making laws, enforcing laws, and interpreting laws. Keeping these powers separate helps prevent the concentration of authority and encourages specialization and accountability. The Constitution defines what each branch can do and includes ways for the branches to restrain each other, which is the mechanism that helps maintain balance. Federalism, by contrast, deals with the division of power between national and state governments, not the internal division of powers among branches. The rule of law is about government actions being constrained by laws, not how power is split. Checks and balances relate to how the branches limit one another within the separation of powers.